What is the difference between Notional cost and Opportunity cost?
Notional costs and Opportunity costs are two important concepts in cost and management accounting as they have far reaching effects on decisions making process. But both are distinct and understanding the features of each type of cost is vital as it has important implications from decision making perspective. All opportunity costs included in the cost […]
What is Notional cost?
Notional means imaginary, speculative or conceptual i.e. something that has no actual existence and is mere imagination. Same way a notional cost is an imaginary cost which is sometimes included in the cost units and cost centers to make costing estimates more realistic or simply more challenging especially when the performance of cost unit and […]
What is Inventory?
Inventory is simply such asset that business has bought and holds with an intention to be sold in the normal course of the business i.e. it is the business of the entity to buy and sell such assets. The words stock, goods and inventory are used interchangeably and mean one and the same thing. Some […]
What is the difference between Internal Control Questionnaires (ICQ) and Internal Control Evaluation Questionnaires (ICEQ)?
Internal controls questionnaires (ICQ) and Internal controls evaluation questionnaires (ICEQ) are basically two modes of documenting entity’s internal control system while auditor applies risk assessment procedures and tests of controls. Both serve different purposes and thus are distinct from each other. However, which one to use depends on auditor’s understanding of the entity, the risk […]
What is Folio coloumn and its use?
Folio, as in its literal meanings also, means a sequence of number of words for the purposes of dividing a book into meaningful parts or just for reference. Same goes for its use in accounting as well. Folio coloumn is used in Journals as well as in Ledgers. It usually contains the reference in forms […]
What is Substantive audit approach / Vouching approach?
There are many different auditing methodologies or in other words auditing approaches which can be used by the auditor to conduct an audit engagement. Which audit approach is better or should be used to much extent was (and to some extent still is) dependent on the audit firm. One of the approaches is vouching approach, […]
What are the Fundamental accounting Assumptions underlying Financial Statements?
Fundamental assumptions, basic assumptions or fundamental accounting assumptions mean the accounting concepts that have been considered and followed while recording financial information. As information needs are different from person to person, entity to entity and situation to situation thus such assumptions vary. But remember one thing fundamental accounting assumptions DOES NOT mean the rules that […]
What is Responsibility accounting?
In order to make the organization working at its best and reaching its potential to achieve objectives, the actual results are compared with the targets. And if those targets are not achieved someone must be held responsible. Because without accountability we cannot control business operations and cannot ensure the effective and efficient achievement of business […]
What is tolerable misstatement and tolerable rate of deviation and the difference betweem them?
Auditor most of the time, due to number of factors, is unable to apply audit procedures on each and every piece of information available to him. Therefore, he applies different audit procedures on less then 100% items in a given population. This is called sampling. Among these audit procedures there are two types of procedures […]
What is the difference between budgeting and forecasting?
Budgeting and Forecasting are two important constituents of managerial decision making process. Even though both of these functions are distinct and are not same but their use and their dependency on each other make them inseparable and thus many confuse the two as same and use them interchangeably. Let’s understand the technical difference between these […]
